LessonsArguments of the Sophists: Immediate Knowledge, Inference and RepliesQuiz

After listing the seven kinds, the discussion notes that thinkers have disputed whether experience, intuition and mass transmission are necessary in precisely the same way as first principles or immediate awareness.

The dispute does not by itself make all such knowledge worthless. It concerns how the knowledge is acquired and how its certainty is assessed. Recognizing a simple mathematical relation and knowing a distant city's existence from independent reports are different cognitive processes.

A disagreement over the taxonomic boundaries of a knowledge category cannot, without additional argument, justify the conclusion that no category delivers knowledge at all.

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Why the classification is disputed

Arguments of the Sophists: Immediate Knowledge, Inference and Replies

After listing the seven kinds, the discussion notes that thinkers have disputed whether experience, intuition and mass transmission are necessary in precisely the same way as first principles or immediate awareness.

The dispute does not by itself make all such knowledge worthless. It concerns how the knowledge is acquired and how its certainty is assessed. Recognizing a simple mathematical relation and knowing a distant city's existence from independent reports are different cognitive processes.

A disagreement over the taxonomic boundaries of a knowledge category cannot, without additional argument, justify the conclusion that no category delivers knowledge at all.