Scenario: Someone claims to know a Muslim’s inner reality and seeks to set aside their outward standing based only on personal suspicion.
Governing principle: Outward rulings depend on relevant outward evidence, while comprehensive knowledge of the inner state belongs to Allah.
Sound application: Assess external statements and conduct through recognized standards, not claims to read a person’s heart.
Limit of the conclusion: Respect for outward standing does not oblige accepting clearly established false religious claims.