Affirmation of attributes: Knowledge, power, life, and other attributes are real and eternal attributes of the one divine essence.
Denial of simple identity: Their distinct meanings are not erased or collapsed into one another.
Denial of separable otherness: They are not autonomous beings capable of detachment from God or possessing independent divinity.
The common issue behind objections: Plurality of eternal realities, alleged contradiction, analogies of part and whole, relational expressions, and predication all become problematic when “otherness” changes meaning within an argument.
The next independent subject is العلم صفة أزلية, a focused discussion of divine knowledge.