LessonsEstablished Realities, Distinct Respects and Radical SkepticismQuiz

كَالْإِنْسَانِ إِذَا أُخِذَ مِنْ حَيْثُ إِنَّهُ جِسْمٌ
For example, a human considered insofar as he is a body.

Affirming a relevant property may be informative when the person is considered under one respect. But when “human” is already taken under the complete classical definition “rational animal,” merely restating that definition adds little.

In traditional logic, “rational” points to the faculty of reason, not simply to vocal speech.

The lesson is to distinguish predicating a genuinely additional feature from restating what has already been stipulated.

Opening interactive controls...

A body versus a rational animal

Established Realities, Distinct Respects and Radical Skepticism

كَالْإِنْسَانِ إِذَا أُخِذَ مِنْ حَيْثُ إِنَّهُ جِسْمٌ
For example, a human considered insofar as he is a body.

Affirming a relevant property may be informative when the person is considered under one respect. But when “human” is already taken under the complete classical definition “rational animal,” merely restating that definition adds little.

In traditional logic, “rational” points to the faculty of reason, not simply to vocal speech.

The lesson is to distinguish predicating a genuinely additional feature from restating what has already been stipulated.