والفلسفة: هي الحكمة اليونانية
Here philosophy means Greek wisdom.
Falsafah is connected with the Greek linguistic tradition of “love of wisdom.” Ḥikmah in broader Islamic usage can also mean insight, sound judgment, or wise conduct. The word “wisdom” therefore does not always designate one particular Greek philosophical system.
Philosophical inquiry examines beings, their principles, and relations accessible to rational reflection. This description does not establish that every philosopher’s conclusion is true, nor that every philosophical question is intrinsically invalid.
Example: “What causes a thing to occur?” is a general question. “The universe proceeds necessarily from an eternal cause” is a specific metaphysical answer. The question and the proposed answer must be assessed separately.
Some traditional accounts portray early sages as learning from prophets and explain later errors through flawed transmission or misunderstanding. These are historical claims within the received narrative, not independently established facts that must be treated as certain in every detail.