When lying or betrayal is observed, that conduct can be identified as wrong and corrected. It does not necessarily establish that the person’s heart contains no faith.
The outward is what may be observed or reliably reported; the inward is fully known to Allah. Preserving the distinction neither conceals wrongdoing nor permits an unsupported verdict upon someone’s faith.
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Major Sinners: Forgiveness, Accountability, Muslim Communal Rulings and Sanctity of Life
When lying or betrayal is observed, that conduct can be identified as wrong and corrected. It does not necessarily establish that the person’s heart contains no faith.
The outward is what may be observed or reliably reported; the inward is fully known to Allah. Preserving the distinction neither conceals wrongdoing nor permits an unsupported verdict upon someone’s faith.