Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq, ʿUmar al-Fārūq, ʿUthmān Dhū al-Nūrayn, ʿAlī al-Murtaḍā
The four names in the received ranking of excellence.
The repeated thumma denotes order. All four hold outstanding ranks in early Islam, service, and companionship; assigning one a higher overall rank does not disparage another.
The ranking of virtue and the historical order of succession correspond, but they require distinct kinds of argument, a distinction maintained throughout this discussion.
Opening interactive controls...
Precedence after the Prophets and the Rightly Guided Caliphate
Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq, ʿUmar al-Fārūq, ʿUthmān Dhū al-Nūrayn, ʿAlī al-Murtaḍā
The four names in the received ranking of excellence.
The repeated thumma denotes order. All four hold outstanding ranks in early Islam, service, and companionship; assigning one a higher overall rank does not disparage another.
The ranking of virtue and the historical order of succession correspond, but they require distinct kinds of argument, a distinction maintained throughout this discussion.