LessonsProof of Mutual Hindrance: Divine Unity, Conflicting Wills and Eternity of AttributesQuiz

تضاد بین الإرادتین، بل بین المرادین
The incompatibility lies not simply between the two acts of willing, but between their intended outcomes.

Irāda is willing an outcome; murād is the outcome willed. Two agents may each perform an act of willing, even when the objects of their wills are incompatible. What cannot obtain is Zayd’s moving and not moving in the very same respect at the very same time.

This distinction sharpens the proof. The bare existence of two wills does not by itself establish a contradiction. The question is whether both incompatible objects of those wills could be realized simultaneously.

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Distinguishing will from what is willed

Proof of Mutual Hindrance: Divine Unity, Conflicting Wills and Eternity of Attributes

تضاد بین الإرادتین، بل بین المرادین
The incompatibility lies not simply between the two acts of willing, but between their intended outcomes.

Irāda is willing an outcome; murād is the outcome willed. Two agents may each perform an act of willing, even when the objects of their wills are incompatible. What cannot obtain is Zayd’s moving and not moving in the very same respect at the very same time.

This distinction sharpens the proof. The bare existence of two wills does not by itself establish a contradiction. The question is whether both incompatible objects of those wills could be realized simultaneously.