TermSense or functionMuthaqqafStraightened spear-shaftṢidq al-kuʿūbSoundness of its jointsMuqawwamMade straight or well alignedQanāA spear or spears
The clustered epithets all contribute to the weapon’s efficacy but are not interchangeable: some concern construction, others its fighting reliability.
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ʿAntarah ibn Shaddād: Cavalry Witnesses, Courage, Restraint and Duels (verses 43–56)
TermSense or functionMuthaqqafStraightened spear-shaftṢidq al-kuʿūbSoundness of its jointsMuqawwamMade straight or well alignedQanāA spear or spears
The clustered epithets all contribute to the weapon’s efficacy but are not interchangeable: some concern construction, others its fighting reliability.