Grammar: verbal forms and sequence

ʿAntarah ibn Shaddād: Cavalry Witnesses, Courage, Restraint and Duels (verses 43–56)

ExpressionAnalysisYukhbirkiJussive imperfect in a response to urging; feminine object suffixFa-shakaktuFirst-person perfect with sequential faKhuḍibaPassive perfectFa-ṭaʿantuhu thumma ʿalawtuhuTwo perfect verbs with thumma marking succession

Verb forms and conjunctions shape the pace of the narrated encounter as well as locating actions in time.