LessonsAḍrub al-Khabar: Ibtidāʾī, Ṭalabī and Inkārī ReportsQuiz

The same proposition can be presented in progressively stronger ways:
إِنَّ أَخَاكَ قَادِمٌ
Indeed, your brother is coming.

إِنَّهُ لَقَادِمٌ
He certainly is coming.

وَاللَّهِ إِنَّهُ لَقَادِمٌ
By God, he is certainly coming.

The particles inna, the emphatic lām and an oath increase reinforcement. The reported content stays the same while the force of assertion changes. The appropriate force depends on the listener's denial.

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Forms used to meet a denial

Aḍrub al-Khabar: Ibtidāʾī, Ṭalabī and Inkārī Reports

The same proposition can be presented in progressively stronger ways:
إِنَّ أَخَاكَ قَادِمٌ
Indeed, your brother is coming.

إِنَّهُ لَقَادِمٌ
He certainly is coming.

وَاللَّهِ إِنَّهُ لَقَادِمٌ
By God, he is certainly coming.

The particles inna, the emphatic lām and an oath increase reinforcement. The reported content stays the same while the force of assertion changes. The appropriate force depends on the listener's denial.