Reports can be reinforced by several devices:
1. inna and anna
2. the emphatic lām
3. attention particles
4. oaths
5. heavy and light emphatic nūn
6. certain supplementary particles
7. repetition
8. qad in its verifying use
9. conditional ammā
These devices are not grammatically interchangeable. Some govern nouns, some attach to verbs, and others strengthen a whole construction. Both their syntactic behavior and rhetorical effect must be understood.
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Aḍrub al-Khabar: Ibtidāʾī, Ṭalabī and Inkārī Reports
Reports can be reinforced by several devices:
1. inna and anna
2. the emphatic lām
3. attention particles
4. oaths
5. heavy and light emphatic nūn
6. certain supplementary particles
7. repetition
8. qad in its verifying use
9. conditional ammā
These devices are not grammatically interchangeable. Some govern nouns, some attach to verbs, and others strengthen a whole construction. Both their syntactic behavior and rhetorical effect must be understood.