Compare these circumstantial expressions by identifying the possessor and the link in each case:
ExpressionMain point
Jāʾa Zaydun ḍāḥikanSingle-word ḥāl; no wāw
Jāʾa Zaydun yaḍḥakuAffirmative imperfect; subject pronoun links back
Jāʾa Zaydun wa-huwa yaḍḥakuNominal clause with pronoun and wāw
Jāʾa Zaydun wa-qad faragha min ʿamalihiAffirmative past introduced with qad
The crucial questions are whether the subordinate unit is nominal or verbal, past or imperfect, and affirmative or negative. Similar meanings may be expressed through different grammatical structures.