LessonsʿAṭf al-Bayān, Badal and Coordination: Clarifying, Reinforcing and Specifying the SubjectQuiz

KindExampleRelation of substitute
Whole-for-wholeجاءني أخوك زيدSame complete individual
Part-for-wholeجاءني القوم أكثرهمPart of the original group
Associated qualityأعجبني زيد علمهAn attribute connected to the person

All three focus the listener on the intended target of predication, but identity, part-whole and associative relations are different.

A sound analysis first identifies the kind of substitution and then explains its rhetorical benefit. Saying only “it emphasizes” is not a complete account.

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Three kinds of badal at a glance

ʿAṭf al-Bayān, Badal and Coordination: Clarifying, Reinforcing and Specifying the Subject

KindExampleRelation of substitute
Whole-for-wholeجاءني أخوك زيدSame complete individual
Part-for-wholeجاءني القوم أكثرهمPart of the original group
Associated qualityأعجبني زيد علمهAn attribute connected to the person

All three focus the listener on the intended target of predication, but identity, part-whole and associative relations are different.

A sound analysis first identifies the kind of substitution and then explains its rhetorical benefit. Saying only “it emphasizes” is not a complete account.