Both qualification and apposition can follow a noun, and both may improve understanding. But descriptive qualification emphasizes a property, whereas explanatory apposition offers another naming expression for the same referent.
ExpressionPrimary effect
قَدِمَ صَدِيقُكَ خَالِدٌIdentifies the friend as Khālid
قَدِمَ صَدِيقُكَ الْكَرِيمُAttributes generosity to the friend
Translation alone may not settle a difficult grammatical classification; syntax, inflection and context remain relevant.
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ʿAṭf al-Bayān, Badal and Coordination: Clarifying, Reinforcing and Specifying the Subject
Both qualification and apposition can follow a noun, and both may improve understanding. But descriptive qualification emphasizes a property, whereas explanatory apposition offers another naming expression for the same referent.
ExpressionPrimary effect
قَدِمَ صَدِيقُكَ خَالِدٌIdentifies the friend as Khālid
قَدِمَ صَدِيقُكَ الْكَرِيمُAttributes generosity to the friend
Translation alone may not settle a difficult grammatical classification; syntax, inflection and context remain relevant.