The comparison separates wording, meaning, and claimed attribution. Treating every form as the same kind of borrowing obscures useful literary distinctions.
CategoryPrincipal feature
Naskh and intihalCopying the text and claiming it as one's own
Synonym substitutionMuch of the verbal pattern remains, with selected words changed
Ighara and maskhRecasting an acquired theme in altered expression
Ilmam and salkhBorrowing a meaning without preserving its distinctive wording
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Conclusion: Literary Borrowing, Iqtibas, Tadmeen, and the Final Arts of Composition
The comparison separates wording, meaning, and claimed attribution. Treating every form as the same kind of borrowing obscures useful literary distinctions.
CategoryPrincipal feature
Naskh and intihalCopying the text and claiming it as one's own
Synonym substitutionMuch of the verbal pattern remains, with selected words changed
Ighara and maskhRecasting an acquired theme in altered expression
Ilmam and salkhBorrowing a meaning without preserving its distinctive wording