Applying the classification to new writing

Conclusion: Literary Borrowing, Iqtibas, Tadmeen, and the Final Arts of Composition

To classify a new passage, first ask what sort of connection it establishes: earlier poetic wording, Qur'an or hadith, a familiar story, or the organization of the new discourse itself.

Embedded source wording suggests iqtibas or tadmeen; a mere allusive signal suggests talmih; conversion between verse and prose suggests ‘aqd or hall; and a particularly effective opening or conclusion belongs to its own category. Context and knowledge of sources are essential to a defensible classification.