CaseWhat remains?Main test
Common themeA familiar purpose or imageResemblance alone proves nothing
Naskh / intiḥālWhole wording and arrangementDirect reproduction
Ighārah / maskhIdea with verbal alterationQuality of the recasting
Ilmām / salkhMeaning without the original full formDegree of expressive transformation
Concealed transfer / qalbRelated or reversed structureCreative fitness and significance
Central principle: A common theme, direct copying and genuinely creative reworking require distinct analytical judgments.