1. Kull does not automatically create universal denial; its position and grammatical role matter.
2. Denial of universality does not, by itself, establish that some members definitely performed the act.
3. Kull as an initial subject and kull attached to an object need not produce identical readings.
4. A modified affirmative and a simple negative cannot be merged without analysis.
5. Context, poetry, Qur’anic diction and the structure of a question can decisively affect the intended scope.
For a defensible analysis, identify syntax first, the scope of judgment second, and the communicative context third.