Negation plus exception follows one basic pattern, but the role of the retained term determines the specific restriction.
Function singled outRestricted meaning
Agent: مَا جَاءَ إِلَّا زَيْدٌOnly Zayd came
Object: مَا ضَرَبْتُ إِلَّا زَيْدًاI struck only Zayd
Manner: مَا جَاءَ إِلَّا رَاكِبًاThe arrival was only by riding
Time: مَا سَارَتْ إِلَّا يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِThe departure occurred only on Friday
For reliable analysis, combine the term’s case, governing word, and meaning instead of relying on the particle alone.