The analysis distinguishes verbal, mental and external relations.
KindConcern
Verbal (kalamiyya)The relation presented in the utterance
Mental (dhihniyya)The relation conceived or intended in the mind
External (kharijiyya)What obtains in external reality
“Zayd is present” states a relation verbally. The speaker conceives its meaning, while whether Zayd is actually present is another question. These distinctions prepare the later discussion of truth.
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ʿIlm al-Maʿani: Definition, Scope and Eight Chapters
The analysis distinguishes verbal, mental and external relations.
KindConcern
Verbal (kalamiyya)The relation presented in the utterance
Mental (dhihniyya)The relation conceived or intended in the mind
External (kharijiyya)What obtains in external reality
“Zayd is present” states a relation verbally. The speaker conceives its meaning, while whether Zayd is actually present is another question. These distinctions prepare the later discussion of truth.