التَّمَنِّي وَالِاسْتِفْهَامُ وَالْأَمْرُ وَالنَّهْيُ وَالنِّدَاءُ
Wishing, questioning, command, prohibition and calling.
These five categories differ by their sought object: a desired state, information, an action, abstention from an action, or the attention of an addressee. The distinctions structure the remainder of the chapter.
Comparative review
ParticleTypical rhetorical use
ليتPrimary marker of wishing
هلInterrogation used as a wish
لوConditional form used for wishing
هلّاExhortation or past reproach
لولاExhortation or reproach