Error 1: Literal predication always means factual truth. Correction: The class of ascription and truth of the report are different questions.
Error 2: Only a past-tense verb can be predicated. Correction: Structures expressing verbal meaning may also qualify.
Error 3: Every proposition must be rationally literal or figurative. Correction: Statements such as «الإنسان حيوان» lie outside this narrower, action-related division.
Error 4: The speaker's hidden inner belief is the only standard. Correction: The formula includes «عند المتكلم في الظاهر»; apparent intention and clues are essential.