PurposeExamplePrimary effect
IghrāʾYā maẓlūmUrging help
ZajrA-fuʾādīRebuke and restraint
Taḥayyur / taḍajjurAyā manāzil SalmāBewilderment and distress
Taḥassur / tawajjuʿAyā qabra MaʿnGrief and pain
TadhakkurAyā manzilay SalmāRecalling the past
A single vocative particle can appear in very different contexts. The dominant purpose must be inferred from the addressee, the following words, and the situation.
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Nidāʾ: Definition, Eight Particles, Nearness and Distance, and Rhetorical Purposes
PurposeExamplePrimary effect
IghrāʾYā maẓlūmUrging help
ZajrA-fuʾādīRebuke and restraint
Taḥayyur / taḍajjurAyā manāzil SalmāBewilderment and distress
Taḥassur / tawajjuʿAyā qabra MaʿnGrief and pain
TadhakkurAyā manzilay SalmāRecalling the past
A single vocative particle can appear in very different contexts. The dominant purpose must be inferred from the addressee, the following words, and the situation.