أَعَصَيْتَ رَبَّكَ
Have you disobeyed your Lord?
If the disobedience is already known to have occurred, the question is not a request for confirmation. It functions as rebuke: that act ought never to have happened.
This is an important use of rhetorical denial. It does not deny the historical occurrence; it repudiates its propriety, making a known wrong action the basis of criticism.