LessonsSupplementary Practice 15: Caravan Reports, Attribution and the Limits of InferenceQuiz

زَعَمَ قَائِلٌ: تَأَخَّرَتِ الْقَافِلَةُ فَضَلَّتْ، وَتَوَقَّفَ الدَّلِيلُ فَجَبُنَ.
Someone claimed: The caravan was late, so it got lost; the guide stopped, so he was cowardly.

Here fāʾ frames two unsupported inferences as conclusions. A sound revision separates the observable events from disputed interpretations:
تَأَخَّرَتِ الْقَافِلَةُ، وَلَمْ يَثْبُتْ أَنَّهَا ضَلَّتْ؛ وَتَوَقَّفَ الدَّلِيلُ احْتِيَاطًا.
The caravan was delayed, but it has not been established that it was lost; the guide stopped as a precaution.

The linking particle, evidential force, and qualifying phrase now work together to preserve the intended distinction.

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Supplementary Practice 15: Caravan Reports, Attribution and the Limits of Inference

زَعَمَ قَائِلٌ: تَأَخَّرَتِ الْقَافِلَةُ فَضَلَّتْ، وَتَوَقَّفَ الدَّلِيلُ فَجَبُنَ.
Someone claimed: The caravan was late, so it got lost; the guide stopped, so he was cowardly.

Here fāʾ frames two unsupported inferences as conclusions. A sound revision separates the observable events from disputed interpretations:
تَأَخَّرَتِ الْقَافِلَةُ، وَلَمْ يَثْبُتْ أَنَّهَا ضَلَّتْ؛ وَتَوَقَّفَ الدَّلِيلُ احْتِيَاطًا.
The caravan was delayed, but it has not been established that it was lost; the guide stopped as a precaution.

The linking particle, evidential force, and qualifying phrase now work together to preserve the intended distinction.