A listener asks, “Did Khalid or Zayd attend?” What type of restriction does “mā ḥaḍara illā Khālid” primarily realize?

Supplementary Practice 4: Audience, Emphasis, Restriction and Rhetorical Judgment

• Reversal, since the listener is committed to Zayd
• Exclusion of joint participation, since both are asserted
• Restriction by determination
• Restriction of a quality without an alternative