LessonsThe Subject of Predication: Omission, Mention and Modes of IdentificationQuiz

إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ عَنْ عِبَادَتِي سَيَدْخُلُونَ جَهَنَّمَ دَاخِرِينَ
Those who are too arrogant to worship Me will enter Hell in humiliation. (Ghāfir 40:60)

The subject is identified as “those who are arrogant toward My worship.” That descriptive clause is closely connected with the outcome stated in the predicate. The audience learns more than a group’s identity: it sees the blameworthy characteristic associated with the threatened result.

A relative clause can signal the rationale or appropriateness of a judgment. Replacing “they” with “those who arrogantly refuse worship” makes that connection salient. This is contextual rhetorical reasoning; not every relative clause necessarily establishes an independent legal cause.

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When the relative clause prepares a judgment

The Subject of Predication: Omission, Mention and Modes of Identification

إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ عَنْ عِبَادَتِي سَيَدْخُلُونَ جَهَنَّمَ دَاخِرِينَ
Those who are too arrogant to worship Me will enter Hell in humiliation. (Ghāfir 40:60)

The subject is identified as “those who are arrogant toward My worship.” That descriptive clause is closely connected with the outcome stated in the predicate. The audience learns more than a group’s identity: it sees the blameworthy characteristic associated with the threatened result.

A relative clause can signal the rationale or appropriateness of a judgment. Replacing “they” with “those who arrogantly refuse worship” makes that connection salient. This is contextual rhetorical reasoning; not every relative clause necessarily establishes an independent legal cause.