LessonsTruth and Falsehood in Reports: The Majority, al-Naẓẓām and al-JāḥiẓQuiz

وكذبه أي كذب الخبر عدمها
Its falsehood is the absence of that agreement.

On this account truth and falsehood divide assertoric reports by whether their content corresponds to reality. Sincere belief does not make an untrue assertion true.

If Zayd is absent and someone asserts that he is present, the reported state does not obtain. Hence the report is false under the majority criterion, even if its speaker is sincerely mistaken. The truth value of a report should not be collapsed into a moral judgment about deliberate deception.

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The majority: falsehood as nonconformity

Truth and Falsehood in Reports: The Majority, al-Naẓẓām and al-Jāḥiẓ

وكذبه أي كذب الخبر عدمها
Its falsehood is the absence of that agreement.

On this account truth and falsehood divide assertoric reports by whether their content corresponds to reality. Sincere belief does not make an untrue assertion true.

If Zayd is absent and someone asserts that he is present, the reported state does not obtain. Hence the report is false under the majority criterion, even if its speaker is sincerely mistaken. The truth value of a report should not be collapsed into a moral judgment about deliberate deception.