وَلَا تَجِبُ الْجُمُعَةُ عَلَى مُسَافِرٍ، وَلَا امْرَأَةٍ، وَلَا مَرِيضٍ، وَلَا صَبِيٍّ، وَلَا عَبْدٍ، وَلَا أَعْمَى، فَإِنْ حَضَرُوا وَصَلَّوْا مَعَ النَّاسِ: أَجْزَأَتْهُمْ عَنْ فَرْضِ الْوَقْتِ.
Translation: Friday prayer is not obligatory on the traveller, woman, ill person, child, enslaved person or blind person under the stated classification. If they attend and pray with the congregation, it suffices for the time’s obligation.
The duty to attend Jumuah is distinct from validity if an exempt person nevertheless attends. The minor and enslaved-person categories reflect the historical legal classification; the legal rationale varies by group.