LessonsInvalid and Defective Sales: Conditions, Possession and RemediesQuiz

A buyer is prepared to pay Rs 50,000. The seller’s confederate bids Rs 60,000 without any intention to buy, solely to force the first buyer’s price upward. This is najsh.

The ethical ruling against manipulation and the technical question of whether the resulting sale transfers ownership are distinct.

False bids and manufactured competition violate the integrity of a sale.

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A worked example of fraudulent bidding

Invalid and Defective Sales: Conditions, Possession and Remedies

A buyer is prepared to pay Rs 50,000. The seller’s confederate bids Rs 60,000 without any intention to buy, solely to force the first buyer’s price upward. This is najsh.

The ethical ruling against manipulation and the technical question of whether the resulting sale transfers ownership are distinct.

False bids and manufactured competition violate the integrity of a sale.