Which inference is NOT justified by “no kaffārah for invalidating a non-Ramadan fast”?

Kitab al-Sawm: Fasting Hours, Invalidators, Qada and Kaffarah

• The expiation described here does not apply outside Ramadan
• A separate make-up duty may still apply
• Breaking any non-Ramadan fast can never involve a duty
• Make-up and expiation are separate rulings