Participation and Result: Check the Clause

Advanced Sarf Application: Ambiguous Forms, Weak-Letter Reasoning and Error Correction

In قَاتَلَ زَيْدٌ عَمْرًا, Zayd is the grammatical subject and ʿAmr the object, even if the action semantically involves two parties.

In تَشَاتَمَ زَيْدٌ وَعَمْرٌو, both names are nominative; the second is coordinated with the first.

ExamplePatternSyntactic point
قَاتَلَ زَيْدٌ عَمْرًاIIISubject + object
تَشَاتَمَ زَيْدٌ وَعَمْرٌوVICoordinated nominatives
كَسَرْتُهُ فَانْكَسَرَVIIResult of an earlier action
عَلَّمْتُهُ فَتَعَلَّمَVReception of instruction

The semantic label and the syntax of the actual sentence are different analytical tasks.