Subject’s state: جَاءَ زَيْدٌ رَاكِبًا — Zayd rides.
Object’s state: ضَرَبْتُ زَيْدًا مَشْدُودًا — Zayd is bound.
Both: لَقِيتُ عَمْرًا رَاكِبَيْنِ — both riders.
To identify the referent, ask which person or thing possesses the described condition.
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The Three Possible Referents
Al-Ḥāl: Definition, Its Referent, Governing Element and Types
Subject’s state: جَاءَ زَيْدٌ رَاكِبًا — Zayd rides.
Object’s state: ضَرَبْتُ زَيْدًا مَشْدُودًا — Zayd is bound.
Both: لَقِيتُ عَمْرًا رَاكِبَيْنِ — both riders.
To identify the referent, ask which person or thing possesses the described condition.