جَاءَ اثْنَا عَشَرَ طَالِبًا — Twelve students came.
جَاءَ: past verb.
اثْنَا: nominative subject marked by alif, as with the dual.
عَشَرَ: second numeral component, built on fatḥ.
طَالِبًا: accusative tamyīz.
If twelve were completely like eleven, its first component would not vary by case. The nominative form uses «اثْنَا».
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Al-Murakkabāt — Compound Numerals, the Twelve Exception and Declining Baalbek
جَاءَ اثْنَا عَشَرَ طَالِبًا — Twelve students came.
جَاءَ: past verb.
اثْنَا: nominative subject marked by alif, as with the dual.
عَشَرَ: second numeral component, built on fatḥ.
طَالِبًا: accusative tamyīz.
If twelve were completely like eleven, its first component would not vary by case. The nominative form uses «اثْنَا».