جَاءَ الرَّجُلُ الْعَالِمُ — adjective: a quality.
جَاءَ زَيْدٌ نَفْسُهُ — emphasis: the very person.
جَاءَ أَخُوكَ خَالِدٌ — explanatory apposition: identity.
جَاءَنِي أَخُوكَ زَيْدٌ — a badal analysis is possible when Zayd is the primary intended participant.
Identify a follower by its semantic work, not only the case ending.
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ʿAṭf al-Bayān: Definition, Examples, and Contrast with Badal
جَاءَ الرَّجُلُ الْعَالِمُ — adjective: a quality.
جَاءَ زَيْدٌ نَفْسُهُ — emphasis: the very person.
جَاءَ أَخُوكَ خَالِدٌ — explanatory apposition: identity.
جَاءَنِي أَخُوكَ زَيْدٌ — a badal analysis is possible when Zayd is the primary intended participant.
Identify a follower by its semantic work, not only the case ending.