Badal: Definition, Four Types, and Parsing

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• How does the source classify badal?
• What does “intended by the predication” mean?
• How many types of badal does the book enumerate?
• Which expression is the badal in jāʾanī Zaydun akhūka?
• What marks the nominative case of akhūka?
• What is Zaydun in jāʾanī Zaydun akhūka?
• What is the case of akhāka in raʾaytu Zaydan akhāka?
• What marks the genitive in akhīka?
• Which type is raʾsahu in ḍarabtu Zaydan raʾsahu?
• Why is raʾsahu accusative?
• What is the antecedent of -hu in raʾsahu?
• In qaraʾtu al-kitāba niṣfahu, what type of badal is niṣfahu?
• What is essential to part-for-whole badal?
• Which type is thawbuhu in suliba Zaydun thawbuhu?
• Is suliba active or passive?
• What is the syntactic role of Zaydun after suliba?
• Which type is ʿilmuhu in aʿjabanī Zaydun ʿilmuhu?
• Which relation defines ishtimāl?
• When is Jaʿfarun an error-correction badal after Zaydun?
• What is the case of Jaʿfarun here?
• What is the case of ḥimāran in the source slip example?
• What differs in the two source-type examples?
• What does the second word do in error-correction badal?
• What does the book require for an indefinite badal after a definite antecedent?
• Which word is the badal in bi-l-nāṣiyati nāṣiyatin kādhibatin?
• What is kādhibatin in the Qurʾānic excerpt?
• Why is nāṣiyatin genitive?
• Which sequence correctly identifies the three roles?
• What is the reverse case in the text?
• Which case belongs to al-mutajānisayn?
• Does every badal require an adjective?
• Which best distinguishes part-for-whole from ishtimāl?
• How does badal relate in case to its antecedent?
• What does -hu reveal in thawbuhu and raʾsahu?
• In nāṣiyatin kādhibatin, what case does the adjective follow?
• Do akhūka and Zaydun use the same nominative marker?
• In aʿjabanī Zaydun ʿilmuhu, how is ʿilmuhu analyzed?
• Which type directly corrects an accidental first word?
• Zaydun and akhūka refer to the same person in the source example.
• Raʾsahu in ḍarabtu Zaydan raʾsahu is error-correction badal.
• Both part-for-whole and ishtimāl may use a pronoun linking back to the antecedent.
• The book classifies thawbuhu as badal al-ishtimāl.
• Error-correction badal always has the same referent as the first word.
• Ḥimāran is accusative like rajulan in the source correction example.
• Kādhibatin is a second badal in nāṣiyatin kādhibatin.
• The book requires an adjective for an indefinite badal following a definite antecedent.
• The text imposes the identical obligatory-adjective rule on the reverse and same-class cases.
• Badal and antecedent share case even if their visible markers differ.
• Badal, adjective and emphasis always have the same meaning.