The active past relates the action to the doer; the passive past reports the event without naming the agent. For a regular three-root-letter verb, the pattern فَعَلَ becomes فُعِلَ.
فَعَلَ → فُعِلَ
The first consonant takes ḍammah and the vowelled consonant before the final consonant takes kasrah; the final consonant retains its appropriate ending.
ضَرَبَ → ضُرِبَ — struck → was struck.
كَتَبَ → كُتِبَ — wrote → was written.
The root remains, but the grammatical voice changes. Weak verbs may require further specialized changes; these examples are regular patterns.
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The passive past: the basic vowel pattern
Complete Past-Tense Paradigm: Active, Passive, Affirmative and Negative
The active past relates the action to the doer; the passive past reports the event without naming the agent. For a regular three-root-letter verb, the pattern فَعَلَ becomes فُعِلَ.
فَعَلَ → فُعِلَ
The first consonant takes ḍammah and the vowelled consonant before the final consonant takes kasrah; the final consonant retains its appropriate ending.
ضَرَبَ → ضُرِبَ — struck → was struck.
كَتَبَ → كُتِبَ — wrote → was written.
The root remains, but the grammatical voice changes. Weak verbs may require further specialized changes; these examples are regular patterns.