Which statement about simple triliteral maṣdars is sound?

Comprehensive Final Revision: Root Classes, Morphological Changes, Conjugations, Nouns and Verb-Form Semantics

• All use تَفْعِيلٌ
• Multiple attested patterns exist; one does not fit all
• All use مِفْعَالٌ
• A maṣdar is always an active participle