Part Four introduces three central noun categories: jāmid, maṣdar, and mushtaqq.
CategoryExampleInterpretation
Basic/non-derived nounفَرَسٌNames an entity
Verbal nounقَتْلٌ / عِلْمٌNames an action or state
Derived nounكَاتِبٌ / مَكْتُوبٌAssociates the root meaning with doer/patient etc.
Noun roots and structures also differ as triliteral, quadriliteral, and larger, simple or augmented.
كَتَبَ — كِتَابَةٌ — كَاتِبٌ — مَكْتُوبٌ
Translation: He wrote — writing — writer — written thing.
The distinctions involve meaning and derivational function, not simply different vowel marks.