Kitābun is indefinite; al-kitābu is definite; kitābu Khālidin is definite through iḍāfah. Absence of tanwīn alone is insufficient.
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Definite and Indefinite in Context
Comprehensive Review: Applied Arabic Parsing
Kitābun is indefinite; al-kitābu is definite; kitābu Khālidin is definite through iḍāfah. Absence of tanwīn alone is insufficient.