One-line summary: sound-final visible vowel changes; five verbs retain/delete nūn; yāʾ/wāw-final verbs have estimated ḍamma and visible fatḥa; alif-final verbs have both vowels estimated. Weak final letters drop in the jussive.
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Complete Four-Pattern Summary
Four Patterns of Imperfect Mood Marking
One-line summary: sound-final visible vowel changes; five verbs retain/delete nūn; yāʾ/wāw-final verbs have estimated ḍamma and visible fatḥa; alif-final verbs have both vowels estimated. Weak final letters drop in the jussive.