قَرَأَ الْمُعَلِّمُ الْكِتَابَ — The teacher read the book: «الْمُعَلِّمُ» is the nominative agent; «الْكِتَابَ» the accusative object.
قُرِئَ الْكِتَابُ — The book was read: «قُرِئَ» is the past passive; «الْكِتَابُ» the nominative passive subject.
The book did not perform the reading; its syntactic function changed, not its semantic role.
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Mafʿūl Mā Lam Yusamma Fāʿiluhu — The Passive Subject
قَرَأَ الْمُعَلِّمُ الْكِتَابَ — The teacher read the book: «الْمُعَلِّمُ» is the nominative agent; «الْكِتَابَ» the accusative object.
قُرِئَ الْكِتَابُ — The book was read: «قُرِئَ» is the past passive; «الْكِتَابُ» the nominative passive subject.
The book did not perform the reading; its syntactic function changed, not its semantic role.