ضَرَبَ خَالِدٌ زَيْدًا — Khalid struck Zayd. «خَالِدٌ» is the nominative agent; «زَيْدًا» the accusative object.
ضُرِبَ زَيْدٌ — Zayd was struck. The agent is omitted; «زَيْدٌ» becomes the nominative passive subject.
The original object changes case and grammatical role, not its semantic relationship to the event.
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Mafʿūl Mā Lam Yusamma Fāʿiluhu — The Passive Subject
ضَرَبَ خَالِدٌ زَيْدًا — Khalid struck Zayd. «خَالِدٌ» is the nominative agent; «زَيْدًا» the accusative object.
ضُرِبَ زَيْدٌ — Zayd was struck. The agent is omitted; «زَيْدٌ» becomes the nominative passive subject.
The original object changes case and grammatical role, not its semantic relationship to the event.