زَيْدٌ مُعَلِّمٌ — Zayd is a teacher.
زَيْدٌ: nominative mubtadaʾ, definite proper name.
مُعَلِّمٌ: nominative khabar, indefinite.
In «مُعَلِّمٌ زَيْدٌ» (with this intended reading), «مُعَلِّمٌ» can be a fronted predicate and «زَيْدٌ» a delayed topic. Word order by itself does not change which noun is definite.
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Mubtadaʾ and Khabar — Definition and Foundational Rules
زَيْدٌ مُعَلِّمٌ — Zayd is a teacher.
زَيْدٌ: nominative mubtadaʾ, definite proper name.
مُعَلِّمٌ: nominative khabar, indefinite.
In «مُعَلِّمٌ زَيْدٌ» (with this intended reading), «مُعَلِّمٌ» can be a fronted predicate and «زَيْدٌ» a delayed topic. Word order by itself does not change which noun is definite.