Overview of the Seven Functions

Seven Semantic Properties of Form III (Mufāʿalah): Participation, Equivalence, Causing a State, and Independent Uses

The book enumerates seven properties with these examples:

No.FunctionTextbook example
1Participationقَاتَلَ زَيْدٌ عَمْرًا
2Equivalent to basic formسَافَرَ زَيْدٌ
3Equivalent to Form IVبَاعَدْتُهُ
4Equivalent to Form VIشَاتَمَ زَيْدٌ عَمْرًا
5Causing a stateعَافَاكَ اللهُ
6Independent/initial senseقَاسَى زَيْدٌ هٰذِهِ الشِّدَّةَ
7Equivalent to Form IIضَاعَفْتُ الشَّيْءَ

Do not assign a function by pattern alone: the example's actual usage and meaning decide.