Evidence of fabrication may include a report irreconcilably conflicting with an established Qurʾanic text, mutawātir Sunnah, decisive consensus, or unambiguous rational impossibility, where no credible interpretation or reconciliation is available.
This qualification matters because many apparently contradictory texts can be understood together once language, context, and legal distinctions are clarified.
Necessary caution: an assertion that merely surprises a reader is not thereby fabricated. One must establish the actual meaning, its chain of transmission, the status of the supposedly conflicting proof, and whether reconciliation is possible. Apparent conflict belongs to mukhtalif al-ḥadīth; a decisive irreconcilable conflict may support a fabrication judgment.