Why does the nisbah «al-Hāshimī al-Madanī» require care?

Criticism of Transmitters: Misreporting, Claims of Hearing and Historical Evidence

• Every Madanī nisbah conclusively records the birthplace
• A shared kunya and similar geographical nisbah can produce mistaken identification
• Madanī and Madāʾinī always designate two accepted forms for the same person
• A narrator’s geographical association can never help establish identity