Suppose a beginner makes a sound observation but a more experienced person rejects it simply because of status. That reaction may reflect the arrogance described by تَكَبَّرَ. An appropriate response is to assess a statement on its truth and benefit rather than only on the speaker's rank.
Example 1: Admitting an error after learning the facts is humility, not disgrace.
Example 2: Belittling others because one has education, money, or authority reflects a harmful attitude.
The consequence رَفَعَهُ اللَّهُ directs attention to worth before Allah and to character, rather than assuming that outward praise is the only sign of being raised.