● Shādh: a trustworthy narrator contradicts a stronger report.
● Munkar: a weak narrator contradicts a trustworthy narrator.
● Muʿallal: a hidden effective defect in the chain or text.
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Contradiction and Hidden Defect
Indicators of Contradiction and Hidden Defect
● Shādh: a trustworthy narrator contradicts a stronger report.
● Munkar: a weak narrator contradicts a trustworthy narrator.
● Muʿallal: a hidden effective defect in the chain or text.